Final Exam

Ashley Beyer

Mr. Wojewodzki

West Civ Final Exam

June 10, 2010

Question: Describe the importance of water in the ancient world.

Thesis: Water was extremely important in the ancient world. They used water for bathing, drinking, and cleaning, much like we do today. The water also helped in other ways because when it was dug out of the ground, the people could use the soil for something else. The ancient people also praised water. Most of the time slaves were sent to retrieve the water. Water was also very important in making other drinks and food.

Primary Source #1:
I.178: Assyria possesses a vast number of great cities, whereof the most renowned and strongest at this time was Babylon, where, after the fall of Nineveh, the seat of government had been removed.
The following is a description of the place: The city stands on a broad plain, and is an exact square, a hundred and twenty furlongs in length each way, so that the entire circuit is four hundred and eighty furlongs. While such is its size, in magnificence there is no other city that approaches to it. It is surrounded, in the first place, by a broad and deep moat, full of water, behind which rises a wall fifty royal cubits in width, and two hundred in height. (The royal cubit is longer by three fingers' breadth than the common cubit.)
As fast as they dug the moat the soil which they got from the cutting was made into bricks, and when a sufficient number were completed they baked the bricks in kilns.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/greek-babylon.html

Primary Source #2:
Hail to thee, O Nile! Who manifests thyself over this land, and comes to give life to Egypt! Mysterious is thy issuing forth from the darkness, on this day whereon it is celebrated! Watering the orchards created by Re, to cause all the cattle to live, you give the earth to drink, inexhaustible one! Path that descends from the sky, loving the bread of Seb and the first-fruits of Nepera, You cause the workshops of Ptah to prosper!
Lord of the fish, during the inundation, no bird alights on the crops. You create the grain, you bring forth the barley, assuring perpetuity to the temples. If you cease your toil and your work, then all that exists is in anguish. If the gods suffer in heaven, then the faces of men waste away.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hymn-nile.html

Primary Source #3:
You, fellow! that's got the pitcher, fetch the water. Take care the kettle's full instanter. You who's got the ax, look after chopping the wood.
Winter wine for the slaves. Put in a wooden cask ten parts of must (non-fermented wine) and two parts of very pungent vinegar, and add two parts of boiled wine and fifty of sweet water. With a paddle mix all these thrice per day for five days in succession. Add one forty-eighth of seawater drawn some time earlier. Place the lid on the cask and let it ferment for ten days. This wine will last until the solstice. If any remains after that time, it will make very sharp excellent vinegar.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/slavery-romrep1.html

Question: Who is a better model for modern historians: Herodotus or Thucydides? Why?

Thesis: Herodotus is a better model for modern historians because he is known as the “Father of History.” He went to the places he was writing about. He interviewed people from the specific place he was writing about. He also explains things in great detail. This allows a person to better understand what happened.

Primary Source #1:
Now the Persian nation is made up of many tribes. Those which Cyrus assembled and persuaded to revolt from the Medes were the principal ones on which all the others are dependent. These are the Pasargadae, the Maraphians, and the Maspians, of whom the Pasargadae are the noblest. The Achaemenidae, from which spring all the Perseid kings, is one of their clans. The rest of the Persian tribes are the following: the Panthialaeans, the Derusiaeans, the Germanians, who are engaged in husbandry; the Daans, the Mardians, the Dropicans, and the Sagartians, who are nomads.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persians.html

Primary Source #2:
III.80: And now when five days were gone, and the hubbub had settled down, the conspirators met together to consult about the situation of affairs. At this meeting speeches were made, to which many of the Hellenes give no credence, but they were made nevertheless. Otanes recommended that the management of public affairs should be entrusted to the whole nation.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persdemo.html

Primary Source #3:
For my part I am astonished that men should ever have divided Libya, Asia, and Europe as they have, for they are exceedingly unequal. Europe extends the entire length of the other two, and for breadth will not even (as I think) bear to be compared to them. As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf [i.e., the Red Sea], sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared - I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may - that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html

Question: Do you think Alexander honestly felt like he was avenging Persian wrongs? Or was that just propaganda to mask his goal of conquest?

Thesis: In the beginning, Alexander really did think he was avenging Persian wrongs, but as time went on and he became more powerful, his goal of conquest became the main goal in his life.

Primary Source #1:
Philip and all his court were in great distress for him at first, and a profound silence took place. But when the prince had turned him and brought him straight back, they all received him with loud acclamations, except his father, who wept for joy, and kissing him, said, "Seek another kingdom, my son, that may be worthy of thy abilities; for Macedonia is too small for thee..."
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/plutarch-alexander1.html

Primary Source #2:
I observe, gentlemen, that when I would lead you on a new venture you no longer follow me with your old spirit. I have asked you to meet me that we may come to a decision together: are we, upon my advice, to go forward, or, upon yours, to turn back?
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arrian-alexander1.htm

Primary Source #3:
It is a very, very long time since I wrote to you; but as you know I have been over-occupied with military matters, and while we were marching through Hyrcania, Drangiana, and Gedrosia, conquering Bactria, and advancing beyond the Indus,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/alexfake.html

Question: Were the Vikings "barbarians"?

Thesis: The Vikings were barbarians to outsiders because they did not dress like other people from that time and acted much differently than other people from that time. They also were somewhat alike the people who called them barbarians.

Primary Source #1:
In a passage that has become famous, the Ynglingasaga sets the comrades of Odin before us: 'They went without shields, and were mad as dogs or wolves, and bit on their shields, and were as strong as bears or bulls; men they slew, and neither fire nor steel would deal with them; and this is what is called the fury of the berserker.' This mythological picture has been rightly identified as a description of real men's societies-the famous Mannerbunde of the ancient Germanic civilization. The berserkers were, literally, the 'warriors in shirts (serkr) of bear.' This is as much as to say that they were magically identified with the bear. In addition they could sometimes change themselves into wolves and bears. A man became a berserker as the result of an initiation that included specifically martial ordeals.
http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/145.html

Primary Source #2:
After the sixteen winters had lapsed, from the time when Eric the Red went to colonize Greenland, Leif, Eric's son, sailed out from Greenland to Norway. He arrived in Drontheim in the autumn, when King Olaf Tryggvason was come down from the North, out of Halagoland. Leif put into Nidaros with his ship, and set out at once to visit the king. King Olaf expounded the faith to him, as he did to other heathen men who came to visit him. It proved easy for the king to persuade Leif, and he was accordingly baptized, together with all of his shipmates. Leif remained throughout the winter with the king, by whom he was well entertained.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1000Vinland.html

Primary Source #3:
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is one of the few literary sources we have for England during the time period following the Roman presence and preceding the Norman invasion. Written by different monastic houses, the various versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle offer us a unique picture of the Anglo-Saxons and their world. Although written by monks, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is relatively unbiased in its portrayal of events. This particular variant chronicles the events Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, experienced during the Viking invasions of the ninth century.
879. In this year the army went to Cirencester from Chippenham, and sat thereone year. And in that year a body of vikings assembled, and sat down at Fulhamon the Thames. And that same year the sun was eclipsed one hour of the day.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/angsax-chron1.html

Question: What was the significance of the Black Death and the 100 Years' War to the development of Europe as we know it today?

Thesis: The Black Death holds a great significance because it wiped out nearly one third of all Europeans. The 100 years war was also very significant because the English and the French had and still have a rivalry.

Primary Source #1:
I say, then, that the years of the beatific incarnation of the Son of God had reached the tale of one thousand three hundred and forty eight, when in the illustrious city of Florence, the fairest of all the cities of Italy, there made its appearance that deadly pestilence, which, whether disseminated by the influence of the celestial bodies, or sent upon us mortals by God in His just wrath by way of retribution for our iniquities, had had its origin some years before in the East, whence, after destroying an innumerable multitude of living beings, it had propagated itself without respite from place to place, and so calamitously, had spread into the West.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boccacio2.html

Primary Source #2:
DURING these times there was a pestilence, by which the whole human race came near to being annihilated. Now in the case of all other scourges sent from heaven some explanation of a cause might be given by daring men, such as the many theories propounded by those who are clever in these matters; for they love to conjure up causes which are absolutely incomprehensible to man, and to fabricate outlandish theories of natural philosophy knowing well that they are saying nothing sound but considering it sufficient for them, if they completely deceive by their argument some of those whom they meet and persuade them to their view. But for this calamity it is quite impossible either to express in words or to conceive in thought any explanation, except indeed to refer it to God. For it did not come in a part of the world nor upon certain men, nor did it confine itself to any season of the year, so that from such circumstances it might be possible to find subtle explanations of a cause, but it embraced the entire world, and blighted the lives of all men, though differing from one another in the most marked degree, respecting neither sex nor age.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/542procopius-plague.html

Primary Source #3:
The Englishmen, who were in three battles lying on the ground to rest them, as soon as they saw the Frenchmen approach, they rose upon their feet fair and easily without any haste and arranged their battles. The first, which was the prince's battle, the archers there stood in manner of a herse and the men of arms in the bottom of the battle. The earl of Northampton and the earl of Arundel with the second battle were on a wing in good order, ready to comfort the prince's battle, if need were.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html

Question: How does Henry VIII maintain power while breaking away from the Catholic Church?

Thesis: Henry VII maintained power while breaking away from the Catholic Church by becoming the head of the Church. This made breaking away from the Church fairly simple.

Primary Source #1:
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, to Mr. Hawkyns the Ambassador at the Emperor's Court; upon the Divorce of Queen Catherine, and the Coronation of Queen Anne Boleyn. 1533.
In my most heartie wise I commend me unto you and even so, would be right glad to hear of your welfare, etc. This is to advertise you that inasmuch as you now and then take some pains in writing unto me, I would be loathe you should think your labor utterly lost and forgotten for lack of writing again; therefore and because I reckon you to be some deal desirous of such news as hath been here with us of late in the King's Graces matters, I intend to inform you a parte thereof, according to the tenure and purport used in that behalf.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html

Primary Source #2:
Glastonbury Abbey was one of the largest and most famous English Benedictine Monasteries. It was reputed as home of the Holy Grail. Under Henry VIII, in the most successful land grab in English history, Henry VIII and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell suppressed the monasteries. This act gave the Tudor monarchs immense wealth - perhaps one third of the Land in England. It also, effectively, required the Protestant Reformation to come to England. Although Henry maintained a Catholic faith, he allowed his son to be raised as a Protestant. To maintain political support, Henry, Edward, and later Elizabeth awarded monastic lands to members of the English aristocracy (hence the number of English Stately homes called "Abbey"). This disbursal of Church lands meant that the entire English upper class was committed to maintaining separation from Rome, and "Protestantism" became a defining feature of English national identity.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/h8-glastonbury.html

Primary Source #3:
In the sixteenth century, England experienced a cultural efflorescence and acquired a clear modern national identity. Part of that identity - insular and Protestant - was formed in conflict with Spain, the leading Catholic power of the day. A defining moment occurred with the attack of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603) was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and proved to be a canny ruler.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1588elizabeth.html

Question: Explain why some scholars have called the Ancient Egyptians a "death obsessed" culture. Do you agree?

Thesis: I agree that Egypt was somewhat death obsessed. They cared very much about the dead; burying them with their things and mummifying them in tombs are just two examples.

Primary Source #1:
The mode of embalming, according to the most perfect process, is the following:- They take first a crooked piece of iron, and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils, thus getting rid of a portion, while the skull is cleared of the rest by rinsing with drugs; next they make a cut along the flank with a sharp Ethiopian stone, and take out the whole contents of the abdomen, which they then cleanse, washing it thoroughly with palm wine, and again frequently with an infusion of pounded aromatics. After this they fill the cavity with the purest bruised myrrh, with cassia, and every other sort of spicery except frankincense, and sew up the opening. Then the body is placed in natrum for seventy days, and covered entirely over. After the expiration of that space of time, which must not be exceeded, the body is washed, and wrapped round, from head to foot, with bandages of fine linen cloth, smeared over with gum, which is used generally by the Egyptians in the place of glue, and in this state it is given back to the relations, who enclose it in a wooden case which they have had made for the purpose, shaped into the figure of a man. Then fastening the case, they place it in a sepulchral chamber, upright against the wall. Such is the most costly way of embalming the dead.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-mummies.html

Primary Source #2:
A great number of Pyramid Texts present the different phases of the ritual assimilation of the dead pharaoh with Osiris.
As he (Osiris) lives, this king Unis lives; as he dies not, this king Unis dies not; as he perishes not, this king Unis perishes not (Pyr. Ut. 219).
[The dead pharaoh receives the throne of Osiris, and becomes, like him, king of the dead.]
http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/167.html

Primary Source #3:
Thy two wings are spread out like a falcon with thick plumage, like the hawk seen in the evening traversing the sky (Pyr. 1048).
He flies who flies; this king Pepi flies away from you, ye mortals. He is not of the earth, he is of the sky. . . . This king Pepi flies as a cloud to the sky, like a masthead bird; this king Pepi kisses the sky like a falcon, this king Pepi reaches the sky like Horizon-god (Harakhte) (Pyr. 890-1).
Thou ascendest to the sky as a falcon, thy feathers are (those of) geese (Pyr. 913).
King Unis goes to the sky, king Unis goes to the sky! On the wind! On the wind ! (Pyr. 309)-
Stairs to the sky are laid for him that he may ascend thereon to the sky (Pyr. 365).
King Unis ascends upon the ladder which his father Re (the Sun-god) made for him (Pyr. 390)
http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/166.html

Exam

Choose 4 dailies or weeklies: write thesis statement & give quotes/MLA-citations to 3 primary sources as support

Notes- Review

Roman republic formed and kept until emperors come
Rome starts to expand up
War between Rome and Greek King Pyrrhus (a pyrrhus win is a win with many losses)
Rome and Carthage in war
3rd Punic War
Rome is superpower of Mediterranean
Greece tries to revolt, but fails

Notes- Tacitus

Rome ruled by kings

Freedom by brutus

Dictatorships were temporary

The despotisms of Cinna and Sulla were brief;

the rule of Pompey and of Crassus soon yielded before Caesar;

the arms of Lepidus and (Mark) Antony before Augustus; who, when the world was wearied by civil strife, subjected it to empire under the title of "Prince."

But the successes and reverses of the old Roman people have been recorded by famous historians;

Notes- Medici & Michelangelo

Tried to regain their rule over Florence
Michelangelo helped them
35 years a marble stone stood
Michelangelo worked on it
He lived with the Medici 15 years earlier
Family controlled all of Florence
He was raised among Medici heirs
The cousins Giovanni & Julio were a priest and a cardinal
The David was put outside a government building
He thought the Medici was turning Florence down the wrong path
The cousins were headed back to Florence with the help of the Pope
Leonardo---Greatest artist of his time.
da Vinci vs. Michelangelo
They were determined to take back Florence
Giovanni heard Pope Julius II is dead
Giovanni became Pope Leo 10
He then strengthened the Medici family
There was a huge party for days and weeks
Michelangelo was supposed to paint the Sistine Chapel
It was very hard for him
He was fearful about the Medici
They saw how good Michelangelo had become
They wanted him to make some new memorials
Machiavelli could not get into the Medici Regime
He was called ruthless
The Vatican had lots of troubles
Cardinals tried to assassinate pope
Pope found out & had them killed
Pope owned money to every bank in Florence
He made indulgence papers
He got money from this
He started to get out of debt
Martin Luther took this as a step too far
1517 he wrote a book that was popular all over Europe

Notes- Martin Luther

Martin Luther had a problem w/ church
95 something
Reformation
Germany 1483- desolation & disease
Plague wipe out entire village in days
The church was the only escape
Church was corrupt & tyrannical
Church overturned by Martin Luther
 
Stand up 4 things we believe in, god loves everyone
Martin was courageous
He took on the Catholic Church, said ‘u r rong’
He was the only 1 revolting
Grew up in northern Germany
Church was in charge there
Church declared many things
His life @ home caused anguish
He has memories of failure and getting reprimanded by his father
Went to great schools
He would be everything his father wished, until the plague came to Erefort
3 of his friends were killed by the plague
Fear of god’s wrath led to 1st great turning point in lathers life
Returning to Erefort & caught in a thunderstorm
He vowed to become a monk
His father did not like that
Monasteries were a society by themselves
Imitate the sufferings of Christ
Luther did everything 110%
He went to Rome
Ninja Turtles were painting ceilings and doing things for the pope
He left the church when Roman people were not reflecting Christianity like he thought they should

Notes- Medici

Florence
Medici was a commoner
There was blood, murder and art
Treasure- knowledge
Medici was searching for lost secrets of the old world
Powerful families fought with each other for power in Florence
Ambitious family trying to make a name
Valued loyalty
Pope John 23rd
Tried to build the biggest dome to be the cathedral
Brunelleschi- genius, you did not want to know this man
Building style hadn't been used for 1000 years
Sparked architectural revolution across Europe
M went to see Ancient Rome
B started building the cathedral
Giovanni M died
C Medici lost his father/mentor
Magnificent temple for the Medici family
C had to assume father's roll, while keep out of public eye
Family feud would threaten to take Florence back to the Middle Ages
Imprisoned
C and family banished
Florence failed economically
C & family came back and ruled
Money came back into Florence

Medici bank was most profitable business in Europe

Notes- Art & Medici

Da vinci was a stylist, architect
He did not want to do the average painting

Explosion of painting portraits

1st major archeologically important thing

Hieronymus Bolch

More art created during renaissance than since the Roman Empire

Medieval art not meant to be complicated
Tried to explain unknown and did not have to be thought out

Notes- The Kings

King William
Battle of Hastings
Doomsday book- census of England

King Rufus (William's son)
Invades Wales

King Henry I (Rufus's brother)

King Stephen (Henry nephew)
1st crusade

King Henry II (Henry I grandson)
2nd crusade

Thomas a Becket

King Richard I (3rd son of Henry II)
3rd crusade (Rich dies)

King John (5th son of Henry II)
4th crusade
Children's crusade
Barons revolt
Magna Carta signed-------http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_carta

King Henry III (John's son)
Provisions of oxford forced upon him
Has limited legal authority

King Edward I (Henry III son)
Rudolph I of Germany is elected Holy Roman Emperor
Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas) is published

King Edward II (son of Edward I)
Knights templar are rounded up and murdered
Great famine

King Edward III (son of Edward II)

100 yr war- broken in2 3 phases
1. Edwardian War 1337-1360
2. Caroline War 1369-1389
3. Lancastrian War 1415-1429
Rise of nationalism
Italy does not become a country
Remains in city-state mentality

Battle of Crecy
Black Death

King Richard II (grandson of Edward III)
The Canterbury Tales
Peasants revolt in England
Bible is translated into English

King Henry IIII

King Henry V
Battle of Agincourt

King Henry VI (son of Henry V)
Joan of Arc lifts siege of Orleans
The Medici family rises to prominence in Florence
Leonardo da Vinci is born
100 yr war ends
1455--Johann Gutenberg prints first bible on his new printing press
War of roses begin in England (civil war)

Notes- Philosophy & Art 12th-14th Centuries

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/overview_middleages_01.shtml

Dialectic philosophy, based on Aristotle

Islam invaded Spain & held it till 1492

Spain taken back by Europeans

Aristotle books are viewed by world for first time in centuries
His books had logic in them

People reading things that influence them

Islam started to open libraries to Europe

Latin & French from Normans

Patriotism- pride & duty towards 1s country
Nationalism- focus on own country, which is the best

Jerusalem was re-captured by Islam


Abelard & Heloise- love affair

Notes- Black Death

Pandemic- hits big everywhere
Epidemic- hits big

1300's- Black death was a PANdemic

Many soldiers died and thy had 2 call off the fights

The merchants then set sail 4 italy

No one would let them dock because the crew was dying

Churches had unquestionable authority over the people

The priests prayed for it to not spread but it did

The plague took about 4 days to kill a person

People who learned about the disease left there dead love ones alone

It swept across italy and then went in all directions

People thought that God was doing this

The 3-day (pneumonic) plague was worse than the 5-day (bubonic) plague

It would only stay in 1 place for a few months

Europe needed a reform plan because everything was messed up

Notes- Futile System

The futile system- triangle- social status King
knights
…
peasants

You were born into a class and had to stay there. We now have social mobility.

The 5-9? centuries were very superstitious



Monks preists- 5%
Knights- 5%
The class u were born in was like what color skin u have

The people went 2 great lengths to get the runaway serfs back

3rd of country was forest

Boars and things lived there

They would make sure dogs didn’t hunt anything

Notes- Nile/Egypt

Nile flooded each year
There is a god who makes sure the river floods, & the river flooding is good 4 the pharaoh
4 months out of yr. Nile geography changes

The pharaoh was a god-it was his job to make the river flood
Pharaohs were either killed or the obvi. Bad things happened
Everything got very wet if flooded too much
Drought if opposite

King Midos lived in Kriti (Crete) w/ daughter
Prince of athens goes 2 be sacrificed but kills the beast & runs off w/ Midos' daughter

Big volcano erupts & send tsunami & sulfur gas which alters climate drastically & their crops fail, culture collapse

Look up info on Iliad!!

Remember Trojan Horse story
Poseidon- god of horses & earthquake
Troy had earthquake that let Greeks in2 the city & the horse was used as a symbol

Greek was very separated into their city-states, but is later unified, & then the influence on west civs was able to happen

If Persians victorious, then no democracy at all, ever.

Notes- Rome Cont.

We still feel the effects of Rome today, in legal system, art, religious, cultural, effects.
Some Trojans escaped the sack of the city, and they were led by Aeneus. Aeneas and the Trojans traveled and landed at Carthage. Aeneus falls in love with Dido, but he is told that his future is not with her, it is in Italy.
In ancient times, most of Italy was inhabited by Greeks.
When Aeneus lands, he meets the Latin people. When he lands, there is a great war between the Trojans and the people who already live there. Aeneus's son Ascanius, also known as Illus. Illus becomes king, and sets up the capital at a place  called Alba Longa.
Romulus and Reamus grow up, and there is a lot of animosity against them. They declare war on each other, Romulus wins, Reamus is dead, and Romulus founds a city, Roma.
Rome lies upon a river, the river Tiber.
Rome is built on seven large hills. It was founded in 753 B.C. it was just a village when it started.
There were two social statuses in Rome, the Patricians, and the rest of the people were the Plebians. The Patricians had more power than the Plebians. The Patricians are making all of the laws, and everybody else has to follow them. This is what as known as the struggle of the orders.
Rome becomes the first city to have one million inhabitants.
Rome sends their armies north to conquer that area. They are successful. They set up a governor in the new village, the station a Vitalian in the new village, and the people have to pay taxes to Rome and follow several Roman rules, but basically the village can do what they want to. Some of the generals in Greece are questioning who the Romans are, and they set up a fleet ready to go and see what the fuss is about the Romans.
King Pyrrhus of Epirus decided to take on the Romans. So. He invades Rome, and wins almost every battle. But, he does so at such a cost, that he cannot continue a fight. So, Rome is able to fend off its first attacker.
There were never good relations between Carthage and the Romans. The Punic war is the first war between Carthage and Rome. There are three Punic wars. These wars define Roman dominance in the Mediterranean. 264 B.C.-146 B.C.
 
Important Events in Rome:
1. Aeneus/ Trojans defeat Latium
2. Alba Longa
3. Romulus and Reamus/ Founding on Rome in 753 B.C.
 
4. Expulsion of the Etruscan Kings/ Establishment of the Roman Republic 6ht century.
Tarquin the Proud
Tarquin the Sixth raped the wife of a Roman Patrician, who was named Lucretia. Lucretia kills herself, and the Romans rise up to the Etruscan kings. They are led by Lucius Junius Brutus.  He founds the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was founded in 509 B.C.
5. Struggle of the Orders/ Tribune of the Plebs
6. Roman Expansion/ Pyrrus
7. 1st Punic War- Rome gets more Power, but no problems between Carthage and Rome are resolved. There is another war.
8. The 2nd Punic War-
Hannibal- Carthaginian general who took war elephants across the Alps.
 

Notes- Rome

Punic War 1
Started when?
Started because of Sicily
This puts Rome on map
Hamelcar father of Hannibal who was taught to hate Romans
Cannae, Italy
Got w/in 50 miles of Rome but doesn’t have anything left to fully siege the city.

Punic War 2 (Battle of Zama)
Starts w/ invasion
Southern Spain Northern Africa- Carthage
Corsica Sardinia Sicily & most of Italy- Rome

Hannibal never able to siege Rome
Goes back to Carthage, where he is beaten by Scipio Africanus
Cato the elder

Romans invade Africa
Sack Carthage
Scipio Aemilianus




Villa Culutre- villa- country houses, senators stayed in in weekends, had weapons & armor

Gracchi- Brothers; Tiberius & Gaius known as tribune, get assassinated in 2 separate events, marks beginning of bloody years.

Marius & Sulla- both won great battles, they butt heads; Social War involves Marius, they are sent to stop the uprising in Rome. 1st civil war- Marius & Sulla fight against each other; Marius is no match for Sulla, loses, and has to leave Rome

Dominant political figure of 1st century Julius Caesar
Born in 100 BCE lived to 44 BCE
Family called the Juli-eye
Runs for senate & then consul
Caesar decides to become popular with the people, not the patricians
Political group- Optimares- some patricians, gained power from other patricians, Populares- some patricians, gained power from common folk.
After he is consul he is sent to Gaul
Asterix & Oblix lived in last town to not be occupied by Rome
Caesar conquers all of Gaul & lower part of England
People love Caesar, which makes senate very nervous
Senate says battles in Gaul were illegal
He could either loose court case & imprisoned or start a Civil War
He starts a Civil War
Crosses the Rubicon- says The die has been cased
Senate gets behind Pompey
Caesar vs. Pompey
Caesar had utmost respect for Pompey
They go to Spain 1st
They fight all over the Mediterranean
The final battle is the battle of Pharsalus
Mark Antony helps Caesar win battle
Pompey escapes battle & goes to Egypt, but assassins decapitate him
Caesar creates alliance w/ Egypt because he has an affair w/ Cleopatra
Goes back to Rome & is named dictator for life
Power grows more and more
Brutus & others plot to kill him



Romance languages come from the provinces of Rome

Herodotus-wrote history during Persian war; nown as father of history; concentrates on persian war; goes 2 places where history happened

Thucydides-lived after hero; wrote peloponnesian war

Livy-roman historian; wrote romulus & remus ^ 2 his time.

Notes- Alexander the Great

Born in shadow of mount Olympus
Born to King Phillip of Macedon
Alex took thrown @ 19
1st thing- got revenge on the assassins
Decides to take revenge on Persians for Persian war
By the end Alex conquers world
So, he goes to troy 1st
Lands on shore (symbolic gesture)
Hurls spear @ seashore
Wins 1st battle
Ends up in Gordian
Ox cart out on field tied w/ Gordian Knot
If u untie it u be ruler of world
He slices it w/ his sword
Head down the coast
Goes down Syria & Palestine into Egypt
Egyptians looooovvveee Alex
Takes trip w/friends in2 desert
Siwa Oasis
Oracle calls him son of god (Amon)
Persian capital is Persepolis
Persia=greatest Empire
He goes to modern day Iraq (Mesopotamia)
333 B.C.E. Alex met Darius (King of Persia) on battle field
Rushes calvary across river & Persia goes running

Notes- Greece/Persia

Athens was in the province of Attica
In between Athens and Sparta is Corinth
TROJAN HORSE STORY
Anatolia-Old Turkey
Paris (royalty of Anatolia) went to Greece to meet kings @ wedding
Golden apple goes to fairest goddess
Paris was the one to chose who is the fairest
Aphrodite won by giving him what he wanted (the woman of his choice)
He wanted a married woman named Helen
He and Helen's husband are at war for many years
Horse

Herodotus- grandfather of history writing (u can wiki this)

Persians give Greeks ultimatum- become one of us or we destroy your city.
Some Greeks didn't listen some did
They invaded
Xerxes leads invasion through the biospheres waterway which connects to Istanbul & black sea
They enter northern Greece- Thrace

Wiki Look up Battle of Thermopylae
Wiki Sparta

Look up ancient Greece @ metmuseum.org

King Leonidas

Phalanx

Chance of surviving war were better then having kids

4 AD Greece wins war against Persia

Pericles convinces Greece to make navy with the money

Peloponnesian wars- Sparta held off Persians, Athens gets credit

Sparta goes to war with Athens

ATHENS- "long walls" two walls (like on highway but closer together) starts @ port of Piraeus all the way 2 athens
Spartans lose of long walls
The plague hits during this time
Come to truce but Athenians have great losses
Athens needs to regain glory
Sicily had Greek colonies friendly w/ Sparta
Alcibiades came up w/ plan to attack Sicily
Vandalism over Athens
He's so angry that he gives up the Athenian strategy
Athens is being waited for in Sicily

Notes- Egypt

Great Pyramids- old kingdom

Neolithic-7000-4500 B.C.
Southern part of Egypt was upper side & same w/ north because the Nile flows that way
Wars between upper/lower Egypt
Narmer unites upper and lower
Gained control by fighting- people were afraid of him
Had power that was instilled by fear

Old Kingdom
Egypt unified; start of dynasties (kings and rulers by birth)
Egypt used hard stones
You'll no ur lookin @ a reel statue wen there is no space between legs
Lasts about 500 yrs
We get the Great Pyramids of Giza
Pharaoh was like divinity, top glowed white
Slaves may or may not have been used to make pyramids
Mortuary Cities- only reason Giza existed was because of the dead pharaohs
Death is the most IMPORTANT thing in Egyptian culture
Hieroglyphs show the pronunciation of the word and something that has to do with that word

Notes- 4 theories of history

Timeline- works as a ray; linear history
Cyclic History- is a theory which dictates that the major force tht motivate human actions is in a cycle
Hegel History- the philosophy of history; hegelian theory of history-
Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis
1 run---
1. John strongest kid in class don’t tie shoes + 2. john picks on kids =
3. John chases them but slips out of his shoe