Final Exam

Ashley Beyer

Mr. Wojewodzki

West Civ Final Exam

June 10, 2010

Question: Describe the importance of water in the ancient world.

Thesis: Water was extremely important in the ancient world. They used water for bathing, drinking, and cleaning, much like we do today. The water also helped in other ways because when it was dug out of the ground, the people could use the soil for something else. The ancient people also praised water. Most of the time slaves were sent to retrieve the water. Water was also very important in making other drinks and food.

Primary Source #1:
I.178: Assyria possesses a vast number of great cities, whereof the most renowned and strongest at this time was Babylon, where, after the fall of Nineveh, the seat of government had been removed.
The following is a description of the place: The city stands on a broad plain, and is an exact square, a hundred and twenty furlongs in length each way, so that the entire circuit is four hundred and eighty furlongs. While such is its size, in magnificence there is no other city that approaches to it. It is surrounded, in the first place, by a broad and deep moat, full of water, behind which rises a wall fifty royal cubits in width, and two hundred in height. (The royal cubit is longer by three fingers' breadth than the common cubit.)
As fast as they dug the moat the soil which they got from the cutting was made into bricks, and when a sufficient number were completed they baked the bricks in kilns.

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/greek-babylon.html

Primary Source #2:
Hail to thee, O Nile! Who manifests thyself over this land, and comes to give life to Egypt! Mysterious is thy issuing forth from the darkness, on this day whereon it is celebrated! Watering the orchards created by Re, to cause all the cattle to live, you give the earth to drink, inexhaustible one! Path that descends from the sky, loving the bread of Seb and the first-fruits of Nepera, You cause the workshops of Ptah to prosper!
Lord of the fish, during the inundation, no bird alights on the crops. You create the grain, you bring forth the barley, assuring perpetuity to the temples. If you cease your toil and your work, then all that exists is in anguish. If the gods suffer in heaven, then the faces of men waste away.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hymn-nile.html

Primary Source #3:
You, fellow! that's got the pitcher, fetch the water. Take care the kettle's full instanter. You who's got the ax, look after chopping the wood.
Winter wine for the slaves. Put in a wooden cask ten parts of must (non-fermented wine) and two parts of very pungent vinegar, and add two parts of boiled wine and fifty of sweet water. With a paddle mix all these thrice per day for five days in succession. Add one forty-eighth of seawater drawn some time earlier. Place the lid on the cask and let it ferment for ten days. This wine will last until the solstice. If any remains after that time, it will make very sharp excellent vinegar.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/slavery-romrep1.html

Question: Who is a better model for modern historians: Herodotus or Thucydides? Why?

Thesis: Herodotus is a better model for modern historians because he is known as the “Father of History.” He went to the places he was writing about. He interviewed people from the specific place he was writing about. He also explains things in great detail. This allows a person to better understand what happened.

Primary Source #1:
Now the Persian nation is made up of many tribes. Those which Cyrus assembled and persuaded to revolt from the Medes were the principal ones on which all the others are dependent. These are the Pasargadae, the Maraphians, and the Maspians, of whom the Pasargadae are the noblest. The Achaemenidae, from which spring all the Perseid kings, is one of their clans. The rest of the Persian tribes are the following: the Panthialaeans, the Derusiaeans, the Germanians, who are engaged in husbandry; the Daans, the Mardians, the Dropicans, and the Sagartians, who are nomads.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persians.html

Primary Source #2:
III.80: And now when five days were gone, and the hubbub had settled down, the conspirators met together to consult about the situation of affairs. At this meeting speeches were made, to which many of the Hellenes give no credence, but they were made nevertheless. Otanes recommended that the management of public affairs should be entrusted to the whole nation.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-persdemo.html

Primary Source #3:
For my part I am astonished that men should ever have divided Libya, Asia, and Europe as they have, for they are exceedingly unequal. Europe extends the entire length of the other two, and for breadth will not even (as I think) bear to be compared to them. As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf [i.e., the Red Sea], sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared - I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may - that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html

Question: Do you think Alexander honestly felt like he was avenging Persian wrongs? Or was that just propaganda to mask his goal of conquest?

Thesis: In the beginning, Alexander really did think he was avenging Persian wrongs, but as time went on and he became more powerful, his goal of conquest became the main goal in his life.

Primary Source #1:
Philip and all his court were in great distress for him at first, and a profound silence took place. But when the prince had turned him and brought him straight back, they all received him with loud acclamations, except his father, who wept for joy, and kissing him, said, "Seek another kingdom, my son, that may be worthy of thy abilities; for Macedonia is too small for thee..."
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/plutarch-alexander1.html

Primary Source #2:
I observe, gentlemen, that when I would lead you on a new venture you no longer follow me with your old spirit. I have asked you to meet me that we may come to a decision together: are we, upon my advice, to go forward, or, upon yours, to turn back?
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/arrian-alexander1.htm

Primary Source #3:
It is a very, very long time since I wrote to you; but as you know I have been over-occupied with military matters, and while we were marching through Hyrcania, Drangiana, and Gedrosia, conquering Bactria, and advancing beyond the Indus,
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/alexfake.html

Question: Were the Vikings "barbarians"?

Thesis: The Vikings were barbarians to outsiders because they did not dress like other people from that time and acted much differently than other people from that time. They also were somewhat alike the people who called them barbarians.

Primary Source #1:
In a passage that has become famous, the Ynglingasaga sets the comrades of Odin before us: 'They went without shields, and were mad as dogs or wolves, and bit on their shields, and were as strong as bears or bulls; men they slew, and neither fire nor steel would deal with them; and this is what is called the fury of the berserker.' This mythological picture has been rightly identified as a description of real men's societies-the famous Mannerbunde of the ancient Germanic civilization. The berserkers were, literally, the 'warriors in shirts (serkr) of bear.' This is as much as to say that they were magically identified with the bear. In addition they could sometimes change themselves into wolves and bears. A man became a berserker as the result of an initiation that included specifically martial ordeals.
http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/145.html

Primary Source #2:
After the sixteen winters had lapsed, from the time when Eric the Red went to colonize Greenland, Leif, Eric's son, sailed out from Greenland to Norway. He arrived in Drontheim in the autumn, when King Olaf Tryggvason was come down from the North, out of Halagoland. Leif put into Nidaros with his ship, and set out at once to visit the king. King Olaf expounded the faith to him, as he did to other heathen men who came to visit him. It proved easy for the king to persuade Leif, and he was accordingly baptized, together with all of his shipmates. Leif remained throughout the winter with the king, by whom he was well entertained.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1000Vinland.html

Primary Source #3:
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is one of the few literary sources we have for England during the time period following the Roman presence and preceding the Norman invasion. Written by different monastic houses, the various versions of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle offer us a unique picture of the Anglo-Saxons and their world. Although written by monks, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is relatively unbiased in its portrayal of events. This particular variant chronicles the events Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, experienced during the Viking invasions of the ninth century.
879. In this year the army went to Cirencester from Chippenham, and sat thereone year. And in that year a body of vikings assembled, and sat down at Fulhamon the Thames. And that same year the sun was eclipsed one hour of the day.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/angsax-chron1.html

Question: What was the significance of the Black Death and the 100 Years' War to the development of Europe as we know it today?

Thesis: The Black Death holds a great significance because it wiped out nearly one third of all Europeans. The 100 years war was also very significant because the English and the French had and still have a rivalry.

Primary Source #1:
I say, then, that the years of the beatific incarnation of the Son of God had reached the tale of one thousand three hundred and forty eight, when in the illustrious city of Florence, the fairest of all the cities of Italy, there made its appearance that deadly pestilence, which, whether disseminated by the influence of the celestial bodies, or sent upon us mortals by God in His just wrath by way of retribution for our iniquities, had had its origin some years before in the East, whence, after destroying an innumerable multitude of living beings, it had propagated itself without respite from place to place, and so calamitously, had spread into the West.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/boccacio2.html

Primary Source #2:
DURING these times there was a pestilence, by which the whole human race came near to being annihilated. Now in the case of all other scourges sent from heaven some explanation of a cause might be given by daring men, such as the many theories propounded by those who are clever in these matters; for they love to conjure up causes which are absolutely incomprehensible to man, and to fabricate outlandish theories of natural philosophy knowing well that they are saying nothing sound but considering it sufficient for them, if they completely deceive by their argument some of those whom they meet and persuade them to their view. But for this calamity it is quite impossible either to express in words or to conceive in thought any explanation, except indeed to refer it to God. For it did not come in a part of the world nor upon certain men, nor did it confine itself to any season of the year, so that from such circumstances it might be possible to find subtle explanations of a cause, but it embraced the entire world, and blighted the lives of all men, though differing from one another in the most marked degree, respecting neither sex nor age.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/542procopius-plague.html

Primary Source #3:
The Englishmen, who were in three battles lying on the ground to rest them, as soon as they saw the Frenchmen approach, they rose upon their feet fair and easily without any haste and arranged their battles. The first, which was the prince's battle, the archers there stood in manner of a herse and the men of arms in the bottom of the battle. The earl of Northampton and the earl of Arundel with the second battle were on a wing in good order, ready to comfort the prince's battle, if need were.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html

Question: How does Henry VIII maintain power while breaking away from the Catholic Church?

Thesis: Henry VII maintained power while breaking away from the Catholic Church by becoming the head of the Church. This made breaking away from the Church fairly simple.

Primary Source #1:
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, to Mr. Hawkyns the Ambassador at the Emperor's Court; upon the Divorce of Queen Catherine, and the Coronation of Queen Anne Boleyn. 1533.
In my most heartie wise I commend me unto you and even so, would be right glad to hear of your welfare, etc. This is to advertise you that inasmuch as you now and then take some pains in writing unto me, I would be loathe you should think your labor utterly lost and forgotten for lack of writing again; therefore and because I reckon you to be some deal desirous of such news as hath been here with us of late in the King's Graces matters, I intend to inform you a parte thereof, according to the tenure and purport used in that behalf.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/cramner-hen8.html

Primary Source #2:
Glastonbury Abbey was one of the largest and most famous English Benedictine Monasteries. It was reputed as home of the Holy Grail. Under Henry VIII, in the most successful land grab in English history, Henry VIII and his chief minister Thomas Cromwell suppressed the monasteries. This act gave the Tudor monarchs immense wealth - perhaps one third of the Land in England. It also, effectively, required the Protestant Reformation to come to England. Although Henry maintained a Catholic faith, he allowed his son to be raised as a Protestant. To maintain political support, Henry, Edward, and later Elizabeth awarded monastic lands to members of the English aristocracy (hence the number of English Stately homes called "Abbey"). This disbursal of Church lands meant that the entire English upper class was committed to maintaining separation from Rome, and "Protestantism" became a defining feature of English national identity.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/h8-glastonbury.html

Primary Source #3:
In the sixteenth century, England experienced a cultural efflorescence and acquired a clear modern national identity. Part of that identity - insular and Protestant - was formed in conflict with Spain, the leading Catholic power of the day. A defining moment occurred with the attack of the Spanish Armada in 1588. Elizabeth I of England (1533-1603) was the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and proved to be a canny ruler.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1588elizabeth.html

Question: Explain why some scholars have called the Ancient Egyptians a "death obsessed" culture. Do you agree?

Thesis: I agree that Egypt was somewhat death obsessed. They cared very much about the dead; burying them with their things and mummifying them in tombs are just two examples.

Primary Source #1:
The mode of embalming, according to the most perfect process, is the following:- They take first a crooked piece of iron, and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils, thus getting rid of a portion, while the skull is cleared of the rest by rinsing with drugs; next they make a cut along the flank with a sharp Ethiopian stone, and take out the whole contents of the abdomen, which they then cleanse, washing it thoroughly with palm wine, and again frequently with an infusion of pounded aromatics. After this they fill the cavity with the purest bruised myrrh, with cassia, and every other sort of spicery except frankincense, and sew up the opening. Then the body is placed in natrum for seventy days, and covered entirely over. After the expiration of that space of time, which must not be exceeded, the body is washed, and wrapped round, from head to foot, with bandages of fine linen cloth, smeared over with gum, which is used generally by the Egyptians in the place of glue, and in this state it is given back to the relations, who enclose it in a wooden case which they have had made for the purpose, shaped into the figure of a man. Then fastening the case, they place it in a sepulchral chamber, upright against the wall. Such is the most costly way of embalming the dead.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herodotus-mummies.html

Primary Source #2:
A great number of Pyramid Texts present the different phases of the ritual assimilation of the dead pharaoh with Osiris.
As he (Osiris) lives, this king Unis lives; as he dies not, this king Unis dies not; as he perishes not, this king Unis perishes not (Pyr. Ut. 219).
[The dead pharaoh receives the throne of Osiris, and becomes, like him, king of the dead.]
http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/167.html

Primary Source #3:
Thy two wings are spread out like a falcon with thick plumage, like the hawk seen in the evening traversing the sky (Pyr. 1048).
He flies who flies; this king Pepi flies away from you, ye mortals. He is not of the earth, he is of the sky. . . . This king Pepi flies as a cloud to the sky, like a masthead bird; this king Pepi kisses the sky like a falcon, this king Pepi reaches the sky like Horizon-god (Harakhte) (Pyr. 890-1).
Thou ascendest to the sky as a falcon, thy feathers are (those of) geese (Pyr. 913).
King Unis goes to the sky, king Unis goes to the sky! On the wind! On the wind ! (Pyr. 309)-
Stairs to the sky are laid for him that he may ascend thereon to the sky (Pyr. 365).
King Unis ascends upon the ladder which his father Re (the Sun-god) made for him (Pyr. 390)
http://www.mircea-eliade.com/from-primitives-to-zen/166.html

Exam

Choose 4 dailies or weeklies: write thesis statement & give quotes/MLA-citations to 3 primary sources as support

Notes- Review

Roman republic formed and kept until emperors come
Rome starts to expand up
War between Rome and Greek King Pyrrhus (a pyrrhus win is a win with many losses)
Rome and Carthage in war
3rd Punic War
Rome is superpower of Mediterranean
Greece tries to revolt, but fails

Notes- Tacitus

Rome ruled by kings

Freedom by brutus

Dictatorships were temporary

The despotisms of Cinna and Sulla were brief;

the rule of Pompey and of Crassus soon yielded before Caesar;

the arms of Lepidus and (Mark) Antony before Augustus; who, when the world was wearied by civil strife, subjected it to empire under the title of "Prince."

But the successes and reverses of the old Roman people have been recorded by famous historians;

Notes- Medici & Michelangelo

Tried to regain their rule over Florence
Michelangelo helped them
35 years a marble stone stood
Michelangelo worked on it
He lived with the Medici 15 years earlier
Family controlled all of Florence
He was raised among Medici heirs
The cousins Giovanni & Julio were a priest and a cardinal
The David was put outside a government building
He thought the Medici was turning Florence down the wrong path
The cousins were headed back to Florence with the help of the Pope
Leonardo---Greatest artist of his time.
da Vinci vs. Michelangelo
They were determined to take back Florence
Giovanni heard Pope Julius II is dead
Giovanni became Pope Leo 10
He then strengthened the Medici family
There was a huge party for days and weeks
Michelangelo was supposed to paint the Sistine Chapel
It was very hard for him
He was fearful about the Medici
They saw how good Michelangelo had become
They wanted him to make some new memorials
Machiavelli could not get into the Medici Regime
He was called ruthless
The Vatican had lots of troubles
Cardinals tried to assassinate pope
Pope found out & had them killed
Pope owned money to every bank in Florence
He made indulgence papers
He got money from this
He started to get out of debt
Martin Luther took this as a step too far
1517 he wrote a book that was popular all over Europe

Notes- Martin Luther

Martin Luther had a problem w/ church
95 something
Reformation
Germany 1483- desolation & disease
Plague wipe out entire village in days
The church was the only escape
Church was corrupt & tyrannical
Church overturned by Martin Luther
 
Stand up 4 things we believe in, god loves everyone
Martin was courageous
He took on the Catholic Church, said ‘u r rong’
He was the only 1 revolting
Grew up in northern Germany
Church was in charge there
Church declared many things
His life @ home caused anguish
He has memories of failure and getting reprimanded by his father
Went to great schools
He would be everything his father wished, until the plague came to Erefort
3 of his friends were killed by the plague
Fear of god’s wrath led to 1st great turning point in lathers life
Returning to Erefort & caught in a thunderstorm
He vowed to become a monk
His father did not like that
Monasteries were a society by themselves
Imitate the sufferings of Christ
Luther did everything 110%
He went to Rome
Ninja Turtles were painting ceilings and doing things for the pope
He left the church when Roman people were not reflecting Christianity like he thought they should

Notes- Medici

Florence
Medici was a commoner
There was blood, murder and art
Treasure- knowledge
Medici was searching for lost secrets of the old world
Powerful families fought with each other for power in Florence
Ambitious family trying to make a name
Valued loyalty
Pope John 23rd
Tried to build the biggest dome to be the cathedral
Brunelleschi- genius, you did not want to know this man
Building style hadn't been used for 1000 years
Sparked architectural revolution across Europe
M went to see Ancient Rome
B started building the cathedral
Giovanni M died
C Medici lost his father/mentor
Magnificent temple for the Medici family
C had to assume father's roll, while keep out of public eye
Family feud would threaten to take Florence back to the Middle Ages
Imprisoned
C and family banished
Florence failed economically
C & family came back and ruled
Money came back into Florence

Medici bank was most profitable business in Europe

Notes- Art & Medici

Da vinci was a stylist, architect
He did not want to do the average painting

Explosion of painting portraits

1st major archeologically important thing

Hieronymus Bolch

More art created during renaissance than since the Roman Empire

Medieval art not meant to be complicated
Tried to explain unknown and did not have to be thought out

Notes- The Kings

King William
Battle of Hastings
Doomsday book- census of England

King Rufus (William's son)
Invades Wales

King Henry I (Rufus's brother)

King Stephen (Henry nephew)
1st crusade

King Henry II (Henry I grandson)
2nd crusade

Thomas a Becket

King Richard I (3rd son of Henry II)
3rd crusade (Rich dies)

King John (5th son of Henry II)
4th crusade
Children's crusade
Barons revolt
Magna Carta signed-------http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_carta

King Henry III (John's son)
Provisions of oxford forced upon him
Has limited legal authority

King Edward I (Henry III son)
Rudolph I of Germany is elected Holy Roman Emperor
Summa Theologiae (Thomas Aquinas) is published

King Edward II (son of Edward I)
Knights templar are rounded up and murdered
Great famine

King Edward III (son of Edward II)

100 yr war- broken in2 3 phases
1. Edwardian War 1337-1360
2. Caroline War 1369-1389
3. Lancastrian War 1415-1429
Rise of nationalism
Italy does not become a country
Remains in city-state mentality

Battle of Crecy
Black Death

King Richard II (grandson of Edward III)
The Canterbury Tales
Peasants revolt in England
Bible is translated into English

King Henry IIII

King Henry V
Battle of Agincourt

King Henry VI (son of Henry V)
Joan of Arc lifts siege of Orleans
The Medici family rises to prominence in Florence
Leonardo da Vinci is born
100 yr war ends
1455--Johann Gutenberg prints first bible on his new printing press
War of roses begin in England (civil war)

Notes- Philosophy & Art 12th-14th Centuries

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/overview_middleages_01.shtml

Dialectic philosophy, based on Aristotle

Islam invaded Spain & held it till 1492

Spain taken back by Europeans

Aristotle books are viewed by world for first time in centuries
His books had logic in them

People reading things that influence them

Islam started to open libraries to Europe

Latin & French from Normans

Patriotism- pride & duty towards 1s country
Nationalism- focus on own country, which is the best

Jerusalem was re-captured by Islam


Abelard & Heloise- love affair

Notes- Black Death

Pandemic- hits big everywhere
Epidemic- hits big

1300's- Black death was a PANdemic

Many soldiers died and thy had 2 call off the fights

The merchants then set sail 4 italy

No one would let them dock because the crew was dying

Churches had unquestionable authority over the people

The priests prayed for it to not spread but it did

The plague took about 4 days to kill a person

People who learned about the disease left there dead love ones alone

It swept across italy and then went in all directions

People thought that God was doing this

The 3-day (pneumonic) plague was worse than the 5-day (bubonic) plague

It would only stay in 1 place for a few months

Europe needed a reform plan because everything was messed up

Notes- Futile System

The futile system- triangle- social status King
knights
…
peasants

You were born into a class and had to stay there. We now have social mobility.

The 5-9? centuries were very superstitious



Monks preists- 5%
Knights- 5%
The class u were born in was like what color skin u have

The people went 2 great lengths to get the runaway serfs back

3rd of country was forest

Boars and things lived there

They would make sure dogs didn’t hunt anything

Notes- Nile/Egypt

Nile flooded each year
There is a god who makes sure the river floods, & the river flooding is good 4 the pharaoh
4 months out of yr. Nile geography changes

The pharaoh was a god-it was his job to make the river flood
Pharaohs were either killed or the obvi. Bad things happened
Everything got very wet if flooded too much
Drought if opposite

King Midos lived in Kriti (Crete) w/ daughter
Prince of athens goes 2 be sacrificed but kills the beast & runs off w/ Midos' daughter

Big volcano erupts & send tsunami & sulfur gas which alters climate drastically & their crops fail, culture collapse

Look up info on Iliad!!

Remember Trojan Horse story
Poseidon- god of horses & earthquake
Troy had earthquake that let Greeks in2 the city & the horse was used as a symbol

Greek was very separated into their city-states, but is later unified, & then the influence on west civs was able to happen

If Persians victorious, then no democracy at all, ever.

Notes- Rome Cont.

We still feel the effects of Rome today, in legal system, art, religious, cultural, effects.
Some Trojans escaped the sack of the city, and they were led by Aeneus. Aeneas and the Trojans traveled and landed at Carthage. Aeneus falls in love with Dido, but he is told that his future is not with her, it is in Italy.
In ancient times, most of Italy was inhabited by Greeks.
When Aeneus lands, he meets the Latin people. When he lands, there is a great war between the Trojans and the people who already live there. Aeneus's son Ascanius, also known as Illus. Illus becomes king, and sets up the capital at a place  called Alba Longa.
Romulus and Reamus grow up, and there is a lot of animosity against them. They declare war on each other, Romulus wins, Reamus is dead, and Romulus founds a city, Roma.
Rome lies upon a river, the river Tiber.
Rome is built on seven large hills. It was founded in 753 B.C. it was just a village when it started.
There were two social statuses in Rome, the Patricians, and the rest of the people were the Plebians. The Patricians had more power than the Plebians. The Patricians are making all of the laws, and everybody else has to follow them. This is what as known as the struggle of the orders.
Rome becomes the first city to have one million inhabitants.
Rome sends their armies north to conquer that area. They are successful. They set up a governor in the new village, the station a Vitalian in the new village, and the people have to pay taxes to Rome and follow several Roman rules, but basically the village can do what they want to. Some of the generals in Greece are questioning who the Romans are, and they set up a fleet ready to go and see what the fuss is about the Romans.
King Pyrrhus of Epirus decided to take on the Romans. So. He invades Rome, and wins almost every battle. But, he does so at such a cost, that he cannot continue a fight. So, Rome is able to fend off its first attacker.
There were never good relations between Carthage and the Romans. The Punic war is the first war between Carthage and Rome. There are three Punic wars. These wars define Roman dominance in the Mediterranean. 264 B.C.-146 B.C.
 
Important Events in Rome:
1. Aeneus/ Trojans defeat Latium
2. Alba Longa
3. Romulus and Reamus/ Founding on Rome in 753 B.C.
 
4. Expulsion of the Etruscan Kings/ Establishment of the Roman Republic 6ht century.
Tarquin the Proud
Tarquin the Sixth raped the wife of a Roman Patrician, who was named Lucretia. Lucretia kills herself, and the Romans rise up to the Etruscan kings. They are led by Lucius Junius Brutus.  He founds the Roman Republic. The Roman Republic was founded in 509 B.C.
5. Struggle of the Orders/ Tribune of the Plebs
6. Roman Expansion/ Pyrrus
7. 1st Punic War- Rome gets more Power, but no problems between Carthage and Rome are resolved. There is another war.
8. The 2nd Punic War-
Hannibal- Carthaginian general who took war elephants across the Alps.
 

Notes- Rome

Punic War 1
Started when?
Started because of Sicily
This puts Rome on map
Hamelcar father of Hannibal who was taught to hate Romans
Cannae, Italy
Got w/in 50 miles of Rome but doesn’t have anything left to fully siege the city.

Punic War 2 (Battle of Zama)
Starts w/ invasion
Southern Spain Northern Africa- Carthage
Corsica Sardinia Sicily & most of Italy- Rome

Hannibal never able to siege Rome
Goes back to Carthage, where he is beaten by Scipio Africanus
Cato the elder

Romans invade Africa
Sack Carthage
Scipio Aemilianus




Villa Culutre- villa- country houses, senators stayed in in weekends, had weapons & armor

Gracchi- Brothers; Tiberius & Gaius known as tribune, get assassinated in 2 separate events, marks beginning of bloody years.

Marius & Sulla- both won great battles, they butt heads; Social War involves Marius, they are sent to stop the uprising in Rome. 1st civil war- Marius & Sulla fight against each other; Marius is no match for Sulla, loses, and has to leave Rome

Dominant political figure of 1st century Julius Caesar
Born in 100 BCE lived to 44 BCE
Family called the Juli-eye
Runs for senate & then consul
Caesar decides to become popular with the people, not the patricians
Political group- Optimares- some patricians, gained power from other patricians, Populares- some patricians, gained power from common folk.
After he is consul he is sent to Gaul
Asterix & Oblix lived in last town to not be occupied by Rome
Caesar conquers all of Gaul & lower part of England
People love Caesar, which makes senate very nervous
Senate says battles in Gaul were illegal
He could either loose court case & imprisoned or start a Civil War
He starts a Civil War
Crosses the Rubicon- says The die has been cased
Senate gets behind Pompey
Caesar vs. Pompey
Caesar had utmost respect for Pompey
They go to Spain 1st
They fight all over the Mediterranean
The final battle is the battle of Pharsalus
Mark Antony helps Caesar win battle
Pompey escapes battle & goes to Egypt, but assassins decapitate him
Caesar creates alliance w/ Egypt because he has an affair w/ Cleopatra
Goes back to Rome & is named dictator for life
Power grows more and more
Brutus & others plot to kill him



Romance languages come from the provinces of Rome

Herodotus-wrote history during Persian war; nown as father of history; concentrates on persian war; goes 2 places where history happened

Thucydides-lived after hero; wrote peloponnesian war

Livy-roman historian; wrote romulus & remus ^ 2 his time.

Notes- Alexander the Great

Born in shadow of mount Olympus
Born to King Phillip of Macedon
Alex took thrown @ 19
1st thing- got revenge on the assassins
Decides to take revenge on Persians for Persian war
By the end Alex conquers world
So, he goes to troy 1st
Lands on shore (symbolic gesture)
Hurls spear @ seashore
Wins 1st battle
Ends up in Gordian
Ox cart out on field tied w/ Gordian Knot
If u untie it u be ruler of world
He slices it w/ his sword
Head down the coast
Goes down Syria & Palestine into Egypt
Egyptians looooovvveee Alex
Takes trip w/friends in2 desert
Siwa Oasis
Oracle calls him son of god (Amon)
Persian capital is Persepolis
Persia=greatest Empire
He goes to modern day Iraq (Mesopotamia)
333 B.C.E. Alex met Darius (King of Persia) on battle field
Rushes calvary across river & Persia goes running

Notes- Greece/Persia

Athens was in the province of Attica
In between Athens and Sparta is Corinth
TROJAN HORSE STORY
Anatolia-Old Turkey
Paris (royalty of Anatolia) went to Greece to meet kings @ wedding
Golden apple goes to fairest goddess
Paris was the one to chose who is the fairest
Aphrodite won by giving him what he wanted (the woman of his choice)
He wanted a married woman named Helen
He and Helen's husband are at war for many years
Horse

Herodotus- grandfather of history writing (u can wiki this)

Persians give Greeks ultimatum- become one of us or we destroy your city.
Some Greeks didn't listen some did
They invaded
Xerxes leads invasion through the biospheres waterway which connects to Istanbul & black sea
They enter northern Greece- Thrace

Wiki Look up Battle of Thermopylae
Wiki Sparta

Look up ancient Greece @ metmuseum.org

King Leonidas

Phalanx

Chance of surviving war were better then having kids

4 AD Greece wins war against Persia

Pericles convinces Greece to make navy with the money

Peloponnesian wars- Sparta held off Persians, Athens gets credit

Sparta goes to war with Athens

ATHENS- "long walls" two walls (like on highway but closer together) starts @ port of Piraeus all the way 2 athens
Spartans lose of long walls
The plague hits during this time
Come to truce but Athenians have great losses
Athens needs to regain glory
Sicily had Greek colonies friendly w/ Sparta
Alcibiades came up w/ plan to attack Sicily
Vandalism over Athens
He's so angry that he gives up the Athenian strategy
Athens is being waited for in Sicily

Notes- Egypt

Great Pyramids- old kingdom

Neolithic-7000-4500 B.C.
Southern part of Egypt was upper side & same w/ north because the Nile flows that way
Wars between upper/lower Egypt
Narmer unites upper and lower
Gained control by fighting- people were afraid of him
Had power that was instilled by fear

Old Kingdom
Egypt unified; start of dynasties (kings and rulers by birth)
Egypt used hard stones
You'll no ur lookin @ a reel statue wen there is no space between legs
Lasts about 500 yrs
We get the Great Pyramids of Giza
Pharaoh was like divinity, top glowed white
Slaves may or may not have been used to make pyramids
Mortuary Cities- only reason Giza existed was because of the dead pharaohs
Death is the most IMPORTANT thing in Egyptian culture
Hieroglyphs show the pronunciation of the word and something that has to do with that word

Notes- 4 theories of history

Timeline- works as a ray; linear history
Cyclic History- is a theory which dictates that the major force tht motivate human actions is in a cycle
Hegel History- the philosophy of history; hegelian theory of history-
Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis
1 run---
1. John strongest kid in class don’t tie shoes + 2. john picks on kids =
3. John chases them but slips out of his shoe

Review 5.28.10

Know Herodotus, Thucydides,

Ancient Greece Map

http://fail92fail.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/ancient-greece-map.jpg

The Code Video

http://animoto.com/play/ABLDL6dGgcI1NwS06lnttw

Is Shakespeare worth studying? Why?

Shakespeare is worth studying. He changed the rhythm and tone of his character’s lines to make the story more interesting to the audience. His language is hard to understand, but once a person gets used to it, they can understand it better. He also writes very interesting stories and their plots are still used today. To understand where all of these modern day plots come from, you must understand the stories they came from and the person that wrote them. If we understand Shakespeare, then we can understand today’s society and why we act the way we do.

How does Henry VIII maintain power while breaking away from the Catholic Church and destroying monasteries and churches?

Henry made himself the supreme head of the Church. This made it very easy for him to break away from Catholicism. It all started because he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she did not give him a boy, but a girl. The Catholic Church was against divorces and annulments, and would not let him get either. He then passed the Act of Supremacy, an act in which the King was made the complete ruler and head of the Church. He was then able to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn.

Summarize how Elizabeth rises to the throne -- from her birth to her coronation.

Elizabeth was born to King Henry’s second wife, Anne Boleyn. When her mother was killed, she became an illegitimate heir to the throne. Since Elizabeth was technically not an orphan, she still lived on the royal grounds with her older sister Mary and the rest of the King’s family. Elizabeth was fourteen and her younger brother, Edward, was just ten when their father died. Edward was too young to take the throne. Once Edward was old enough he took the throne, followed by Mary, and finally Elizabeth. Mary was trying to turn England back to Catholicism, and during her rule had Elizabeth imprisoned. Elizabeth later took the throne after overthrowing Mary and became the most beloved Queen. She ruled over England for forty-four years.

Is monarchy more or less effective than democracy?

Question: Is monarchy more or less effective than democracy?

A: Democracy is more effective than monarchy in some respects, while monarchy may be more effective in other certain situations. In a country or nation where people have the freedom of religion, the freedom of speech, and the freedom to be who you, yourself, want to be, a person will want to live there because of the freedoms that they are receiving. Monarchy can be a more effective alternative to democracy if a person prefers one person ruling over a country or other place. Democracy is a more effective alternative because the person as an individual has more of a choice in their own government and has a better chance of their voice being heard. Democracy is more effective for most people because of the religious, speech, and other freedoms that they are able to have. The people were also able to have the right to vote, which put even more power from the government into the person’s hands. Democracy gave people a lot of power and gave the people a voice in the government.

Monarchy is defined as, “supreme power or sovereignty held by a single person,” and, “a state or nation in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in a monarch. Compare absolute monarchy, limited monarchy.” These definitions are basically saying that monarchy is power over a country or other place that is held by one person and one person alone. A person that leads the monarchy is called a monarch. Monarchy was a very common form of government in the Ancient times and Medieval times. There is not one single definition for monarchy. Some monarchies were run by families. Other countries were ruled by elective monarchies. Forty-four nations in the world have monarchs as the heads of state and sixteen of them recognize Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state. Britain is an example of a monarchy, along with Belgium, Denmark, Japan, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Spain, and Sweden. Monarchies have existed and thrived throughout the ages of the world, but is slowly disappearing from the earth. Most of these countries and nations have become republics.

Democracy is defined as, “government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system,” and, “the common people of a community as distinguished from any privileged class; the common people with respect to their political power.” The simplest definition of democracy is, “equality and freedom.” It is about people being equal with the law and before the law. Democracy is also about people having equal access to the law. These definitions are basically saying that democracy is power that is run by the people of a certain country or place. The word democracy stems from the Greek word “dēmokratía,” meaning “rule of the people.” Dēmokratía comes from the two Greek words, “dêmos,” meaning “people” and “krátos” meaning “power.” Democracy started in the government in Ancient Greece. This was around 508 B.C.E. Other cultures and nations, such as Ancient Rome, Europe, North America, and South America, significantly contributed to the rise of democracy and the evolution of democracy. The concept of representative democracy began during the European Middle Ages and the American and French Revolutions. It is called “the last form of government.” It has also spread across the globe very rapidly. There are several varieties of democracy. Some types of democracy provide better representation and more freedoms than other types of democracy.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy

Do you think Leonardo deserved the title "Genius"?

Genius can be interpreted many ways. Genius is defined as, “an exceptional natural capacity of intellect, especially as shown in creative and original work in science, art, music, etc.,” and, “a person having an extraordinarily high intelligence rating on a psychological test, as an iq above 140,” (http://www.dictionary.reference.com). Most people think that the definition of a genius is the second definition about mental capacity. They often forget that it can also be a person who excels in art, music, or other things. I think that, in some aspects, Leonardo da Vinci was a genius.

Is exploration a 'good' thing?

Q: Is exploration a 'good' thing?
A: Exploration can be a very good thing, or a very bad thing. It is defined as, “an act or instance of exploring or investigating; examination,” (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/exploration). This basically means that exploration is like investigating something or someone. Exploration is also defined as, “the investigation of unknown regions,” (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/exploration). This definition is saying that exploration is investigating unknown parts of the world. Exploration has both an inner meaning and an outer meaning. It is also defined in Merriam Webster Dictionary as, “to investigate, study, or analyze: look in to, to become familiar with by testing or experimenting,” and “to travel over (new territory) for adventure or discovery.” This is saying that exploration has both an inner meaning and an outer meaning to it. The Medici was able to prove that taking a chance with new things has its rewards, but there are also people who have tried and failed. Exploration is a very important part of any culture or civilization that wants to continue to thrive in the future.
The Medici family came from the Mugello Region, which is North of Florence, in 1230. The Medici family gained power by other elite families. They had strategic marriages, partnerships, and employment. This helped the Medici family become the center of the social network. They also had banking relationships with other elite families and people. The Medici family was very powerful; however, they were not as powerful as other elite families such as the Albizzi family or the Strozzi family. Giovani di’ Medici was the person who started the Medici family bank. He was then able to quickly become one of the richest men in Florence. He did not hold any political power; he only held the power the people gave him. The Medici family introduced a proportional taxing system and the family was able to gain popularity. Giovani’s son, Cosimo the Elder, later took over the Medici family bank and the Medici family became heads of state of the Florence Republic. All of this happened to the Medici family in 1434. This was also around the time that the Medici family was helping a pirate become a pope and putting their trust in a strange, unusual, intellectual architect. The pirate that they sponsored became Pope John the twenty-third. The strange, unusual, intellectual architect became one of the most famous architects in Europe. The architect was being socially exiled because of his odd drawings and strange way of thinking. He was not given a chance until the Medici family found him and asked him to build a new cathedral with a design that no one had seen before. The building style he used had not been used for over a thousand years. If the Medici family had not tried to explore new possibilities, than they would have never achieved the popularity and greatness that the family had.
Exploration can also be looking inside yourself to find who you truly are. Exploration is also physically investigating a place where you have never been or have not been for a while. Exploration to a specific place would be like Christopher Columbus discovering the Americas. He was able to explore new land and became a part of history. Most exploration is a positive thing, though bad things can come from good exploration. When exploring in America, the white men wanted all of the Indians dead and off of the land. The exploration was positive for America as a whole, but extremely bad for the Indians that were killed and kicked off of their own land. Exploration can be positive or negative and inner or outer, but it has, no doubt, shaped civilization.

Medici encouraging exploration

Explain how the Medici encouraged "exploration". Why did they do it?

The Medici encouraged exploration because they were the people that first tried to explore new things. They put their trust in a pirate and a strange architect. The pirate was able to become a pope because the Medici trusted him and took a chance. The strange architect was unable to get a job until he started building for the Medici. He then became one of the best known architects in Europe. The Medici wanted to be powerful and knew that to win the reward you must take the risk.

Don't tell the aliens we're here. Well, what do you think?

If there were aliens living on another planet, then it would not be smart to try to make contact with them. These aliens may not be kind and may only want to use Earth’s resources and then leave. They would use the resources to build more spaceships and harness and control power. They could also harness the suns power to create a wormhole. Humans would not be able to survive and aliens would be able to take over Earth.

What do you 'think'? How did people of different classes 'think' differently? Revised

Q: What do you 'think'? How did people of different classes 'think' differently?
A: Thinking is a very broad topic for a human to try and write about. It is also hard to think about thinking and the way you think. A person has an innate sense to think and how to think. Though they do not always realize, they think about things logically and use common sense. Think is defined as, “to have a conscious mind, to some extent of reasoning, remembering experiences, making rational decisions, etc,” (www.dictionary.com). This definition basically means that humans reason through things, remember things that they experienced, and make decisions based on their reasoning and experiences. It is also defined as, “to employ one's mind rationally and objectively in evaluating or dealing with a given situation,"(www.dictionary.com). This definition is saying that humans think rationally to deal with a situation. Both of these definitions are saying that humans think with common sense and knowledge of past experiences to deal with obstacles they may face now.

People of different classes sometimes think very differently and sometimes think the same way. Humans from the Middle Ages were set into strict social classes. There were knights, merchants, clergy, and peasants. The knights and other higher classes may have thought that farming was a sign of poor, oppressed people, while THE farmers had no shame in it. The peasants may have thought that the knights and other higher classes were conceited, arrogant, and thought little of THE peasants. Some of these accusations were true, while some were false. The government had a large role in the social classes along with money and family. The noble men owned their own land, while the peasants lived on the lord’s land. This visibly set them apart. The noble men looked down upon the peasants, and the peasants were taught to look up to the noble men. Each lord had a small army made up of vassals who owed him military service for their fiefs. A vassal is the weaker man and the lord is the stronger man. A fief is “usually a piece of land, although sometimes it was a right, such as the right to fish in a stream or the right to collect a toll on a certain road; a vassal could become a lord himself if he granted a piece of his fief to another man,” (http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/feudal.html). When lords made laws they used their army to enforce it. The lord was also the judge and if his vassals had trouble with one another, than the vassals could go to the lord and have the lord settle the trouble. Some peasants were freemen, but most peasants were serfs. Freemen were peasants who could “move from place to place if they did not like their master,” (http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middlea ges/feudal.html). Serfs “belonged to the land and could not move off of it. They also could not be removed from it by their lord,” (http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middlea ges/feudal.html). Children who were born to noble men enjoyed all of the luxuries of the time. They could also become earls, barons, and knights. Children born to peasants were likely to live at the same place their whole lives and do the same job that their parents did.

Every person in the Middle Ages was a Roman Catholic, except for the few Jews. The kings all the way to the serfs were affected by religion. The Church collected taxes and gifts such as land, crops, and even serfs. This would ensure a spot in heaven and made the Church very powerful. The Church could then influence the kings and noble men. This would make the Church even more powerful. Children were baptized only a few days after birth and from then on led a life of service to God and the Church. As the child grew they would be taught prayers and go to church every week, even if they were sick. Every person would have to follow Church laws, which included paying very large taxes to uphold the Church. The Church, in return, showed people the way to everlasting life and happiness. The Pope was, and still is, the head of the Church. He was God’s representative on Earth and had power that could influence the kings and their advisors. The Pope also had the power to excommunicate people who did not agree with the Church’s teachings. Under the Pope were Bishops. Bishops ruled over the priests like the earl ruled over his vassals. Religion was so important in the Middle Ages that some people devoted their whole lives to the Church. Parents often promised their children to the Church in return for God answering their certain prayers. Monks and nuns lived apart from the rest of society in monasteries and nunneries. They devoted their lives to prayer and vowed to stay single all of their lives.

People from the Middle Ages were set into strict social classes and thought very differently in general and about each other. They were on separate ends of the social scale and did not make any effort to change.

Information from:http://ht.ly/1F8XK
http://www.dictionary.com/

What do you 'think'? How did people of different classes 'think' differently?

Q: What do you 'think'? How did people of different classes 'think' differently?

A: Thinking is a very broad topic for a human to try and write about. It is also hard to think about thinking and the way you think. A person has an innate sense to think and how to think. Though they do not always realize, they think about things logically and use common sense. Think is defined as, “to have a conscious mind, to some extent of reasoning, remembering experiences, making rational decisions, etc,” (www.dictionary.com). This definition basically means that humans reason through things, remember things that they experienced, and make decisions based on their reasoning and experiences. It is also defined as, “to employ one's mind rationally and objectively in evaluating or dealing with a given situation,” (www.dictionary.com). This definition is saying that humans think rationally to deal with a situation. Both of these definitions are saying that humans think with common sense and knowledge of past experiences to deal with obstacles they may face now.'

People of different classes sometimes think very differently and sometimes think the same way. Humans from the Middle Ages were set into strict social classes. There were knights, merchants, clergy, and peasants. The knights and other higher classes may have thought that farming was a sign of poor, oppressed people, while the farmers had no shame in it. The peasants may have thought that the knights and other higher classes were conceited, arrogant, and thought little of the peasants. Some of these accusations were true, while some were false. The government had a large role in the social classes along with money and family. The noble men owned their own land, while the peasants lived on the lord’s land. This visibly set them apart. The noble men looked down upon the peasants, and the peasants were taught to look up to the noble men. Each lord had a small army made up of vassals who owed him military service for their fiefs. A vassal is the weaker man and the lord is the stronger man. A fief is “usually a piece of land, although sometimes it was a right, such as the right to fish in a stream or the right to collect a toll on a certain road; a vassal could become a lord himself if he granted a piece of his fief to another man,” (http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middleages/feudal.html). When lords made laws they used their army to enforce it. The lord was also the judge and if his vassals had trouble with one another, than the vassals could go to the lord and have the lord settle the trouble. Some peasants were freemen, but most peasants were serfs. Freemen were peasants who could “move from place to place if they did not like their master,” (http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middlea ges/feudal.html). Serfs “belonged to the land and could not move off of it. They also could not be removed from it by their lord,” (http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/middlea ges/feudal.html). Children who were born to noble men enjoyed all of the luxuries of the time. They could also become earls, barons, and knights. Children born to peasants were likely to live at the same place their whole lives and do the same job that their parents did. Every person in the Middle Ages was a Roman Catholic, except for the few Jews. The kings all the way to the serfs were affected by religion. The Church collected taxes and gifts such as land, crops, and even serfs. This would ensure a spot in heaven and made the Church very powerful. The Church could then influence the kings and noble men. This would make the Church even more powerful. The people of the Middle Ages were in strict social classes and could not move from one class to another.

What was the 12th Century Renaissance?

The Twelfth Century Renaissance was a time of social, political, and economic transformations. It was also cited as the rebirth of Western Europe. It strengthened scientific and philosophical roots. These strengthened roots paved the way for achievements like the Italian Renaissance in the Fifteenth Century. There was a literary and artistic movement in the Fifteenth Century also. They paved the way for scientific developments in the Seventeenth Century. The Twelfth Century Renaissance effected the future very much, and will continue to effect the world.

Animoto

http://animoto.com/play/71BdmV7pDhUZLZZTaA9Frw?autostart=true - Religion

http://animoto.com/play/8es4k1AVSankF35DHc2HcQ?autostart=true - Social Class

http://animoto.com/play/fUARhNMsDXcUmuSHfJ3pWw?autostart=true - The Black Death

The Deadly Plague

It was 2052 in the small town of Riverside Gennevia, previously known as North Carolina, and there was a group of students who had just visited the ancient ruins of the Victorian Era in New York; now Victoria, named for its ruins. There were two friends, Morgan and Emma. They had only been back at Riverside High for a week when Morgan started to get swine flu. Swine flu spread quickly in 2009, but now it was just another common cold. Morgan only had to stay home from school for one day to recover.

The next day I woke up itching all over. “I already had chicken pox, so it couldn’t be that,” I thought. “Mom, come here for a minute,” I said through the intercom. Within minutes her mom was at my side, “What’s wrong, Morgan?” “I’m itching all over!” I complained. “We’ll have it checked out by a doctor tomorrow,” she said and abruptly left.

I decided to call Emma to get my work. “Hey, Emma.” “Hey, why weren’t you in school?” she asked. “I’m still not feeling well. Can you send me the notes from science and bring some books to my house?” “Sure, I’ll e-mail them now,” she said. After school that day Emma dropped off my books and helped me with our science homework. That night I woke up with purple spots all over my body, and the itching had gotten worse. I was rushed to the emergency room. That night Morgan died from the illness.

The wind was blowing hard on my back as I reached the table where almost all of my friends were. “Hey, guys, did you hear about Morgan?” I asked. “The whole town did, Emma,” Rae replied. “I can’t believe she’s gone,” Nicole said. Just then one of the mathletes, Chioma, came up to them, “Hey guys, I heard about Morgan. I’m really sorry.” “Thanks, Chioma,” Kaylee said sadly. Later, two of our friends, Shannon and Carol, passed by and said, “Hey guys, there’s going to be a memorial in band today for Morgan. You should come.” “Alright, we will,” Nicole said.

Right before Morgan’s memorial I became very sick and was sent home. Rae brought me my schoolwork. “I hope you feel better,” she said. “Thanks,” I coughed out. I woke up later that night, feeling like my body was on fire. I was rushed to the emergency room and, luckily, they were able to make the burning stop. A couple days later I got a call from my friend, Joey. “Hey, how are you?” he asked. “Better than the other night,” I joked. “Good,” he chuckled, “Did you know Rae is sick?” “No,” I said, shocked, “What does she have?” “It’s just a cold, but she’s been out of school for a couple of days,” he answered. “Oh, I hope she gets better,” I said. “Yeah, me too. Well, I’ll see you when you come back.” “Bye,” I said. The next day I woke up with purple spots all over my body.

Three days later Emma died. She fought hard, her body burning and itching. She was covered in purple spots and could barely breathe. She looked like she had been bruised all over her body. The illness spread throughout the country, killing half of the population, before finally slowing and finding ways to prevent the deadly plague.

The Church and the Monasteries (Revised)

Christianity had spread rapidly throughout Europe, which caused the Church and Monasteries to become the centers of learning during the Middle Ages. Anyone with a human soul was to be taught and was to live the life of Christianity. Christianity was forced upon some people who did not want to practice that faith. By doing this they gained power. By this power the Church gained, it became the center of learning. The Church at this time was economically stable, they made laws and set up courts to uphold these laws and the priest and monks were the only people who could read and write. At this time people were questioning things that happened in everyday life and Christianity helped them feel as if something they knew and breathed was set and stone. The fear of the unknown caused Christians to believe in the Church even more.

Picture from: http://jahdai.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/church.jpg

"History of Christianity/Medieval Christianity/Development of the Medieval Church - Wikibooks, Collection of Open-content Textbooks." Main Page - Wikibooks, Collection of Open-content Textbooks. Web. 14 Apr. 2010

CBS News

CBS News is a good web site to go to for recent history because it is well-known and trusted. It also has the best explanations and summaries of events. CBS is also very accurate with their information. It is very informative and easy to navigate. There are also blogs and shows to read and watch. It is updated daily and has very good information. CBS is a very important news site because it has a lot of information before other web sites. It can help a person stay in touch with what happened and is happening with the world.

Picture from: http://www.ripfestfilmproject.com/images/newslogos/CBS_News_Logo.jpg

Do human beings have an innate instinct to be free?

Humans do have the instinct to be free. They feel the need to be their own person and live the way they want to. Some people, however, do not get this chance. Many people do not get the freedom of religion and speech, like we do in America. There are different levels of freedom. There is the freedom to believe what you want to, the freedom to be the person you chose to be, and the freedom to live the way you chose to live. The government does not give a person freedom, but they can take it away or protect it. Freedom is an important part of every person’s life and should not be taken for granted.

How was the medieval concept of power and equality different from our contemporary concept?

The medieval concept of power and equality was different than it is today because they did not have equality like we do now. The medieval concept of equality was what class you were born into was the class you stayed in throughout your life. If you were a serf you would not be able to earn more money and become rich. Now, we have social mobility. This means that you can change your social status; poor can become rich and rich can become poor. Most of the power was held by the Church, unlike now, where the power is held by the government. The medieval concept and the modern concept are extremely different and the future concept will be different also.

Picture:http://www.ashokascales.com/scales1.png

Why do you think the Church and the monasteries became the centers of learning?

The Church and the monasteries became the centers of learning because the only people who knew how to write and read were living in the monasteries. The people who could read and write were very important, because they had skills that the average person could never hope to achieve. If a person could read and write, they would most likely live in a monastery and copy books by hand. Many leaders were also from the Church. Another reason the Church had become so powerful was the fact that they made laws and set up courts to uphold the laws. The Church was able to become the center of learning because it was economically stable.

Info: http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/87919.html
Picture: http://www.faithandgeekery.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/english-church.jpg

Who's a Good Guy? Who's a Bad Guy?

Q: Who's a Good Guy? Who's a Bad Guy?
A: A good guy and a bad guy can be defined as many things. There are everyday people that go out of their way to do good things, and there are famous or well-known people who do good things. There are also people who go out of their way to do bad things and famous or well-known people who do bad things. These people are very dedicated and think very strongly about their opinions. Some examples of these people are George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Benito Mussolini, Saddam Hussein, Adolf Hitler, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Charles Manson.

George Washington was the first President of the United States and was a great leader for America, but made a large difference in America before he was in office. He was appointed as the first Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army by the Continental Congress in the Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. In 1776 he forced the British out of Boston and crossed the Delaware River in New Jersey. George Washington was awarded the first Congressional Gold Medal in 1776. Washington became the first president in 1789. He created the first national bank and avoided war with Britain. He supported the Federalists’ Party’s programs and was a very inspirational leader. George Washington died in 1799.

Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States. He was the first republican president. Lincoln was a country lawyer, a state legislator, a member of the United States House of Representatives, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the United States Senate twice. He became president in 1861 and introduced the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was meant to abolish slavery. Lincoln also promoted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated six days after the Confederate army surrendered.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian Independence Movement. He is known around the world as Mahatma Gandhi and Bapu, which means father, in India. He is officially known as the father of the nation in India. He invented Satyagraha, which is resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience. This is a philosophy almost completely founded upon total nonviolence. This philosophy led India to their independence and inspired people around the world. October 2, his birthday, is the worldwide holiday called the International Day of Non-Violence.

Benito Mussolini was an Italian politician who is credited with being one of the main figures in the creation of Fascism. He was the fortieth Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and led the National Fascist Party. Mussolini influenced a wide variety of political figures with his creation of the fascist ideology. He did some good for his country, though; he improved job opportunities and public transportation and public work programs. He also secured economic success in Italy. Benito Mussolini originally sided with France, against Germany, but was soon a main figure in the Axis group. The Axis group consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Adolf Hitler was an Austrian born German politician. He was also the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was the dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and he served as Chancellor from 1933 to 1945. He was also head of state from 1934 to 1945. He was a veteran of World War I and joined the Nazi Party in 1919. He became the leader of the Nazi Party in 1921. He was imprisoned in 1923, but quickly gained support. He then used his power to try to create what he thought was the “perfect world.”

Information from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussolini http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler

Did the Roman Empire 'fall'?

Q: Did the Roman Empire 'fall'?
A: The Roman Empire consisted of most of the western part of Europe and part of Africa. The fall of the Roman Empire has been, and will continue to be, one of the greatest, most asked historical questions. Since Rome still exists today, some people argue that it never actually ‘fell,’ instead it adjusted itself. There are over two-hundred different theories about how the Roman Empire fell. Rome was not able to be an effective capital for the Emperor in the late third century. Other cities then became the administrative capital. After that, the country was governed by more than one, usually two, emperors. The decline occurred over a long period of time, about three hundred and twenty years. Romulus Augustus was the emperor in power when the empire fell. There are thought to be two main reasons for this empire’s fall; the deterioration of the economy of Rome and the brutal, barbaric, and cruel invasions. The inflation of the economy and poor management played a very large role in the deterioration of the economy of Rome. Another reason is that because the Roman Empire spilt into eastern and western empires, governed by two separate emperors, which ultimately caused Rome to fall. The eastern half became known as the Byzantine Empire, its capital being in modern Istanbul and the main part of the western half was still in Italy. The Western Empire had its administrative capitals in Trier, Milan, and Ravenna. The Eastern Empire had its administrative capital in Nicomedia. The Eastern Empire had more independence than the Western Empire. The Western Emperors were usually just figureheads. The actual rulers in the West were in the military. Rome remained the largest city and the economic center in the Western Empire, even though it was not the capital. Soon, the Germanic invasions conquered most of the Western Empire of Rome. Even though the Germanic invasions conquered most of Rome, the Roman culture would last into the sixth century. The Gothic War, which was launched by the eastern emperor in the sixth century, was meant to reunite the Eastern and Western Empires, but instead made things worse between the two empires. The final blow was the Persians invading the Eastern Empire in the seventh century. This hurt the trade in the Mediterranean Sea; Europe depended on this trade very much. Rome was also spilt up culturally. One half was a Latin Empire and the other was a Greek Empire. It is thought that the Greek Empire was able to survive longer than the Latin Empire because it had most of the population, more money, a better military, and better rulers. The Roman Empire had become too large and vast to govern and control easily. The military stopped wearing their protective armor, which made them very vulnerable to the conquered people and the people of other lands. The leaders became very incompetent. There was also lead in the Romans water supply. Some smaller reasons for Rome’s fall were the rise of Christianity, the rise of Islam, and military problems. The first known recording of the decline and fall of Rome was not until the fifth century. Church leaders, over time, took away a lot of power from the emperor and became very influential to the Roman people. Vandals took over Africa and Rome lost Spain to the Sueves. The diverging of the politics and culture of the Latin, West Empire and the rich, Greek, East Empire had lasting consequences on historical, medieval Europe. The end of the Roman Empire marked the end of Classical Antiquity and the beginning of the European Middle Ages.

Information from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/romefallarticles/a/fallofrome_2.htm

Who was Augustine of Hippo?

Augustine of Hippo was a saint who was born in 354 and died in 430. He was born in North Africa to a Christian mother and pagan father. He excelled in academics and surrounded himself with material things until he became Bishop of Hippo. He is also one the few ancient figures who recorded their life. He wrote an autobiography called Confessions, which was about his spiritual journey. This book also gave insight to historians about life in the Roman Empire at the end of the fourth century. The stories Augustine talks about are very modern. He was canonized in 1303.


Image and Information: http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/people/augustine.htm

Was Rome better off as an 'empire' than as a republic?

Rome was better off as a republic. The common people had more say in the government then when it was an Empire, practically being ruled by a dictator. The republic helped Rome grow and expand. It soon became the most powerful country in the world, by conquering other powerful countries. As they conquered more land, the generals and politicians became more powerful in the government. These people became obsessed with having more and more power, which took power away from the common people. Rome becoming an Empire took all of the power away from the common people and gave it to the generals, politicians, and other authority figures that wanted power.

The Five Good Emperors: Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius was a Roman Emperor from 161 to 180 A.D. He was a co-emperor with Lucius Verus from 161 to 169 A.D. He is the last emperor in the group of the “Five Good Emperors.” He is also a very important Stoic Philosopher. He also tried to be level-headed and fair when he was in office. He still acted like a common person, even though he was in the government. He let the people have free speech, even though Marullus, a writer, made fun of him. He was a kind and forgiving person to everyone and was a very good emperor.

Image and Information from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius

Res Gestae

These images are a temple, a basilica, an aqueduct, a round stage, and a senate house. These are all images used in Res Gestae.

What's so "ancient" about Rome?

Q: What's so "ancient" about Rome?
A: There are many things that are ancient about Rome. Ancient is defined as, “of or in time long past, esp. before the end of the Western Roman Empire A.D. 476,” and, “dating from a remote period; of great age.” In other words, this means that ancient is something or someone who lived in or that thrived in older times. This time is mostly before the Western Roman Empire ended, which was around 476 A.D. The architecture, art, and culture in some areas of Rome are very ancient. The architecture of Rome has a lot of Greek, cultural influence. They made their architecture somewhat different to create a new architectural style. This architecture is considered classic, as well as the Greek architecture. They also made the arch and the dome, which we still use today. There are many famous ancient buildings in Rome such as, the aqueducts of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla, the Pantheon, Rome, the basilicas, and the Colosseum. They wanted to have buildings to be able to show off as well as being a place to hold public meetings, plays, sports, and other activities and meetings. They also had their art influence come from Greece. Their culture was very important to the Romans. They had many styles of clothes depending on the class of the person. They had a tunic for the common people and a toga for free Roman men. The men wore rings and the women wore a tunica, stola, and shawl. The women also wore cloaks, necklaces, pins, earrings, bracelets, rings, and pearls. They used false hairpieces and jeweled hairpins. Roman urban life was a lot like it is today. They had traffic and the rich lived in large houses. They had games and shows to calm the people of Rome such as, chariot races, theatrical and musical performances, wild-beast hunts, mock sea battles, public executions, and gladiatorial combat. The Colosseum seated up to 50,000 people. The arena, Circus Maximus, held 300,000 people in it. They gathered in that arena to see chariot races and other very popular events. The government gave food to the poor because they felt they had a civic duty and they wanted to show off their money and economic success. Prosperity did not last forever though; with increased cost of army and other things, the economic successes they had been having quickly became failures. In the rural countryside, where most of the population lived, lived in small huts. Farming was the only truly secure investment a person could make in Rome. Rome inherited the dictatorial system from Egypt and treated their slaves very badly and did not care if they got hurt or were killed. The countryside then became depopulated as more people moved into the city. Though Rome is very ancient, they had many technological advancements for their time. They created the first roads that were not made out of dirt, this made trading easier and more beneficial to Rome. They also made strong aqueducts, which still stand today. Aqueducts are “structures used to conduct a water stream across a hollow or valley” (http://www.crystalinks.com/). “In modern engineering "aqueduct" refers to a system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and supporting structures used to convey water from its source to its main distribution point” (http://www.crystalinks.com/). This elaborate system served as the capital of the Roman Empire. Some aqueducts are still in use today. Some arches are still found in Greece, Italy, France, Spain, Northern Africa, and Asia Minor. There are many things that make Rome ancient, but the things the created and did to change the world today will always be remembered.

Biographies 2

Please write biographies on Herodotus, Thucydides, and Livy.
Herodotus-
Herodotus was a Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BCE. He is known as the “Father of History” because of what he did. He, unlike the historians of his time, went to the places he was writing about. He interviewed people from that specific place instead of just reading and researching the place. He wrote mostly about the Persian Wars. He reported only what was told to him, even though it may not have been right.
Thucydides-
Thucydides was also a Greek historian, but lived after Herodotus. He wrote mostly about the Peloponnesian War in the 5th BCE. He is known as the father of “scientific history” because he had high standards and analyzed all of the information he received. He showed an interest in understanding humans and how they act.
Livy-
Livy’s real name was Titus Livius. He was a Roman historian, unlike Thucydides and Herodotus. He wrote about the Romans and Rome as a whole. He lived from 59 BCE to 17 AD. He wrote "Chapters from the Foundation of the City." This covers from the beginning of Rome to his own time. He tried to convince Claudius, a future emperor, to start writing history.
Herodotus. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. .
Livy. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. .
Thucydides. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. .

Notes- Greece/Persia

Athens was in the province of Attica
In between Athens and Sparta is Corinth
TROJAN HORSE STORY
Anatolia-Old Turkey
Paris (royalty of Anatolia) went to Greece to meet kings @ wedding
Golden apple goes to fairest goddess
Paris was the one to chose who is the fairest
Aphrodite won by giving him what he wanted (the woman of his choice)
He wanted a married woman named Helen
He and Helen's husband are at war for many years
Horse

Herodotus- grandfather of history writing (u can wiki this)

Persians give Greeks ultimatum- become one of us or we destroy your city.
Some Greeks didn't listen some did
They invaded
Xerxes leads invasion through the biospheres waterway which connects to Istanbul & black sea
They enter northern Greece- Thrace

Wiki Look up Battle of Thermopylae
Wiki Sparta

Look up ancient Greece @ metmuseum.org

King Leonidas

Phalanx

Chance of surviving war were better then having kids

4 AD Greece wins war against Persia

Pericles convinces Greece to make navy with the money

Peloponnesian wars- Sparta held off Persians, Athens gets credit

Sparta goes to war with Athens

ATHENS- "long walls" two walls (like on highway but closer together) starts @ port of Piraeus all the way 2 athens
Spartans lose of long walls
The plague hits during this time
Come to truce but Athenians have great losses
Athens needs to regain glory
Sicily had Greek colonies friendly w/ Sparta
Alcibiades came up w/ plan to attack Sicily
Vandalism over Athens
He's so angry that he gives up the Athenian strategy
Athens is being waited for in Sicily

Notes- Rome/Punic Wars I-II

Punic War 1
Started when?
Started because of Sicily
This puts Rome on map
Hamelcar father of Hannibal who was taught to hate Romans
Cannae, Italy
Got w/in 50 miles of Rome but doesn’t have anything left to fully siege the city.

Punic War 2 (Battle of Zama)
Starts w/ invasion
Southern Spain Northern Africa- Carthage
Corsica Sardinia Sicily & most of Italy- Rome

Hannibal never able to siege Rome
Goes back to Carthage, where he is beaten by Scipio Africanus
Cato the elder

Romans invade Africa
Sack Carthage
Scipio Aemilianus

Imagine you are a Roman in the year 264 BCE

Imagine you are a Roman in the year 264 BCE (the year of the 1st Punic War). What does your future look like? Then, look at the world around you today. What does your future look like? Think about politics, technology, culture, dominance, balance.

If I were a Roman in the year 264 BCE my future may not be as bright as it could be. If I were a girl I would have to help the soldiers and help run the house. If I were a boy I would be suiting up for war and fighting for my country. There is a lot of technology for its time and a lot of culture. In today’s world, we have much farther advanced technology and a democracy. Most teenagers do not have to deal with the troubles teenagers faced in the year 264 BCE. We have faster ways of communication and transportation.

Brief Biography on Hannibal

Please write a brief biography of Hannibal and explain whether or not you think his reputation (in Roman eyes) as a monster was deserved.

Hannibal was taught to hate the Romans from his birth. He grew up in Carthage, which was hated by the Romans. He later became a general for the Carthaginian military. He tried to defeat them many times, but eventually was beaten by the Romans in Carthage. His reputation as a monster was only somewhat deserved. He should not have fought with the Romans just because he did not like them. At the same time, the Romans also should not have fought with the Carthaginians. He was defending his country in the best way possible.